diff --git a/config/en/mkdocs.yaml b/config/en/mkdocs.yaml index 8510a8b..4ca8e1e 100755 --- a/config/en/mkdocs.yaml +++ b/config/en/mkdocs.yaml @@ -126,7 +126,10 @@ nav: - 'Energy': physics/mechanics/newtonian-mechanics/energy.md - 'Rotation': physics/mechanics/newtonian-mechanics/rotation.md - 'Particle systems': physics/mechanics/newtonian-mechanics/particle-systems.md -# - 'Lagrangian mechanics': + - 'Lagrangian mechanics': + - 'Lagrangian formalism': physics/mechanics/lagrangian-mechanics/lagrangian-formalism.md + - 'Lagrange equations': physics/mechanics/lagrangian-mechanics/lagrange-equations.md + - 'Lagrange generalizations': physics/mechanics/lagrangian-mechanics/lagrange-generalizations.md # - 'Hamiltonian mechanics': # - 'Relativistic mechanics': # - 'Quantum mechanics': diff --git a/docs/en/physics/mechanics/lagrangian-mechanics/lagrange-equations.md b/docs/en/physics/mechanics/lagrangian-mechanics/lagrange-equations.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..cb464be --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/en/physics/mechanics/lagrangian-mechanics/lagrange-equations.md @@ -0,0 +1,97 @@ +# The equations of Lagrange + +## Principle of virtual work + +> *Definition 1*: a virtual displacement is a displacement at a fixed moment in time that is consistent with the constraints at that moment. + +The following principle addresses the problem that the constraint forces are generally unknown. + +> *Principle 1*: let $\mathbf{\delta x}_i \in \mathbb{R}^m$ be a virtual displacement and let $\mathbf{F}_i: \mathbf{q} \mapsto \mathbf{F}_i(\mathbf{q})$ be the total force excluding the constraint forces. Then +> +> $$ +> \sum_{i=1}^n \Big\langle \mathbf{F}_i(\mathbf{q}) - m_i \mathbf{x}_i''(\mathbf{q}), \mathbf{\delta x}_i \Big\rangle = 0, +> $$ +> +> is true for sklerenomic constraints and all $t \in \mathbb{R}$. + +Which implies that the constraint forces do not do any (net) virtual work. + +## The equations of Lagrange + +> *Theorem 1*: let $T: (\mathbf{q}, \mathbf{q}') \mapsto T(\mathbf{q}, \mathbf{q'})$ be the kinetic energy of the system. For holonomic constraints we have that +> +> $$ +> d_t \Big(\partial_{q_j'} T(\mathbf{q},\mathbf{q}') \Big) - \partial_{q_j} T(\mathbf{q},\mathbf{q}') = Q_j(\mathbf{q}), +> $$ +> +> for all $t \in \mathbb{R}$. With $Q_j: \mathbf{q} \mapsto Q_j(\mathbf{q})$ the generalized forces of type I given by +> +> $$ +> Q_j(\mathbf{q}) = \sum_{i=1}^n \Big\langle \mathbf{F}_i(\mathbf{q}), \partial_j \mathbf{x}_i(\mathbf{q}) \Big\rangle, +> $$ +> +> for all $t \in \mathbb{R}$ with $\mathbf{F}_i: \mathbf{q} \mapsto \mathbf{F}_i(\mathbf{q})$ the total force excluding the constraint forces. + +??? note "*Proof*:" + + Will be added later. + +Obtaining the equations of Lagrange. Note that the position of each point mass $\mathbf{x}_i$ is defined in the [Lagrangian formalism](lagrangian-formalism.md#generalizations). + +### Conservative systems + +For conservative systems we may express the force $\mathbf{F}_i: \mathbf{q} \mapsto \mathbf{F}_i(\mathbf{q})$ in terms of a potential energy $V: X \mapsto V(X)$ by + +$$ + \mathbf{F}_i(\mathbf{q}) = -\nabla_i V(X), +$$ + +for $X: \mathbf{q} \mapsto X(\mathbf{q}) \overset{\mathrm{def}}= \{\mathbf{x}_i(\mathbf{q})\}_{i=1}^n$. + +> *Lemma 1*: for a conservative holonomic system the generalized forces of type I $Q_j: \mathbf{q} \mapsto Q_j(\mathbf{q})$ may be expressed in terms of the potential energy $V: \mathbf{q} \mapsto V(\mathbf{q})$ by +> +> $$ +> Q_j(\mathbf{q}) = -\partial_{q_j} V(\mathbf{q}), +> $$ +> +> for all $t \in \mathbb{R}$. + +??? note "*Proof*:" + + Will be added later. + +The equation of Lagrange may now be rewritten, which obtains the following lemma. + +> *Lemma 2*: let $T: (\mathbf{q}, \mathbf{q}') \mapsto T(\mathbf{q}, \mathbf{q'})$ and $V: \mathbf{q} \mapsto V(\mathbf{q})$ be the kinetic and potential energy of the system. The Lagrange equations for conservative systems are given by +> +> $$ +> d_t \Big(\partial_{q_j'} T(\mathbf{q},\mathbf{q}')\Big) - \partial_{q_j}T(\mathbf{q},\mathbf{q}') = - \partial_{q_j} V(\mathbf{q}), +> $$ +> +> for all $t \in \mathbb{R}$ + +??? note "*Proof*:" + + Will be added later. + +> *Definition 2*: let $T: (\mathbf{q}, \mathbf{q}') \mapsto T(\mathbf{q}, \mathbf{q'})$ and $V: \mathbf{q} \mapsto V(\mathbf{q})$ be the kinetic and potential energy of the system. The Lagrangian $\mathcal{L}: (\mathbf{q}, \mathbf{q'}) \mapsto \mathcal{L}(\mathbf{q}, \mathbf{q'})$ is defined as +> +> $$ +> \mathcal{L}(\mathbf{q}, \mathbf{q'}) = T(\mathbf{q},\mathbf{q}') - V(\mathbf{q}), +> $$ +> +> for all $t \in \mathbb{R}$. + +With this definition we may write the Lagrange equations in a more formal way. + +> *Theorem 2*: let $\mathcal{L}: (\mathbf{q}, \mathbf{q'}) \mapsto \mathcal{L}(\mathbf{q}, \mathbf{q'})$ be the Lagrangian, the equations of Lagrange for conservative holonomic systems are given by +> +> $$ +> d_t \Big(\partial_{q_j'} \mathcal{L}(\mathbf{q}, \mathbf{q'}) \Big) - \partial_{q_j} \mathcal{L}(\mathbf{q}, \mathbf{q'}) = 0, +> $$ +> +> for all $t \in \mathbb{R}$. + +??? note "*Proof*:" + + Will be added later. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/docs/en/physics/mechanics/lagrangian-mechanics/lagrange-generalizations.md b/docs/en/physics/mechanics/lagrangian-mechanics/lagrange-generalizations.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..69ced4e --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/en/physics/mechanics/lagrangian-mechanics/lagrange-generalizations.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +# Lagrange generalizations + diff --git a/docs/en/physics/mechanics/lagrangian-mechanics/lagrangian-formalism.md b/docs/en/physics/mechanics/lagrangian-mechanics/lagrangian-formalism.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..eac434a --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/en/physics/mechanics/lagrangian-mechanics/lagrangian-formalism.md @@ -0,0 +1,76 @@ +# Lagrangian formalism + +The Lagrangian formalism of mechanics is based on the axioms, postulates and principles posed in the [Newtonian formalism](../newtonian-mechanics/newtonian-formalism). + +## Configuration of a system + +Considering a system of $n \in \mathbb{R}$ point masses $m_i \in \mathbb{R}$ with positions $\mathbf{x}_i \in \mathbb{R}^m$ in dimension $m \in \mathbb{N}$, for $i \in \mathbb{N}[i \leq n]$. + +> *Definition 1*: the set of positions $\{\mathbf{x}_i\}_{i=1}^n$ is defined as the configuration of the system. + +Obtaining a $n m$ dimensional configuration space of the system. + +> *Definition 2*: let $N = nm$, the set of time dependent coordinates $\{q_i: t \mapsto q_i(t)\}_{i=1}^N$ at a time $t \in \mathbb{R}$ is a point in the $N$ dimensional configuration space of the system. + +
+ +> *Definition 3*: let the generalized coordinates be a minimal set of coordinates which are sufficient to specify the configuration of a system completely and uniquely. + +The minimum required number of generalized coordinates is called the number of degrees of freedom of the system. + +## Classification of constraints + +> *Definition 4*: geometric constraints define the range of the positions $\{\mathbf{x}_i\}_{i=1}^n$. + +
+ +> *Definition 5*: holonomic constraints are defined as constraints that can be formulated as an equation of generalized coordinates and time. + +Let $g: (q_1, \dots, q_N, t) \mapsto g(q_1, \dots, q_N, t) = 0$ is an example of a holonomic constraint. + +> *Definition 6*: a constraint that depends on velocities is defined as a kinematic constraint. + +If the kinematic constrain is integrable and can be formulated as a holonomic constraint it is referred to as a integrable kinematic constraint. + +> *Definition 7*: a constraint that explicitly depends on time is defined as a rheonomic constraint. Otherwise the constraint is defined as a sklerenomic constraint. + +If a system of $n$ point masses is subject to $k$ indepent holonomic constraints, then these $k$ equations can be used to eliminate $k$ of the $N$ coordinates. Therefore there remain $f \overset{\mathrm{def}}= N - k$ "independent" generalized coordinates. + +## Generalizations + +> *Definition 8*: the set of generalized velocities $\{q_i'\}_{i=1}^N$ at a time $t \in \mathbb{R}$ is the velocity at a point along its trajectory through configuration space. + +The position of each point mass may be given by + +$$ + \mathbf{x}_i: \mathbf{q} \mapsto \mathbf{x}_i(\mathbf{q}), +$$ + +with $\mathbf{q} = \{q_i\}_{i=1}^f$ generalized coordinates. + +Therefore the velocity of each point mass is given by + +$$ + \mathbf{x}_i'(\mathbf{q}) = \sum_{r=1}^f \partial_r \mathbf{x}_i(\mathbf{q}) q_r', +$$ + +for all $t \in \mathbb{R}$ (inexplicitly). + +> *Theorem 1*: the total kinetic energy $T: (\mathbf{q}, \mathbf{q}') \mapsto T(\mathbf{q}, \mathbf{q}')$ of the system is given by +> +> $$ +> T(\mathbf{q}, \mathbf{q}') = \sum_{r,s=1}^f a_{rs}(\mathbf{q}) q_r' q_s', +> $$ +> +> with +> +> $$ +> a_{rs}(\mathbf{q}) = \sum_{i=1}^n \frac{1}{2} m_i \langle \partial_r \mathbf{x}_i(\mathbf{q}), \partial_s \mathbf{x}_i(\mathbf{q}), +> $$ +> +> for all $t \in \mathbb{R}$. + +??? note "*Proof*:" + + Will be added later. +