diff --git a/docs/en/mathematics/differential-geometry/curvature.md b/docs/en/mathematics/differential-geometry/curvature.md index 02fb4c0..e285ffb 100644 --- a/docs/en/mathematics/differential-geometry/curvature.md +++ b/docs/en/mathematics/differential-geometry/curvature.md @@ -28,10 +28,10 @@ It then follows from the definition that the curvature operator $\Omega$ can be ## Curvature tensor -> *Definition 2*: the Riemann curvature tensor $R: \Gamma(\mathrm{T}^*\mathrm{M}) \times \Gamma(\mathrm{TM})^3 \to \mathbb{K}$ is defined as +> *Definition 2*: the Riemann curvature tensor $\mathbf{R}: \Gamma(\mathrm{T}^*\mathrm{M}) \times \Gamma(\mathrm{TM})^3 \to \mathbb{K}$ is defined as > > $$ -> R(\bm{\omega}, \mathbf{u}, \mathbf{v}, \mathbf{w}) = \mathbf{k}(\bm{\omega}, \Omega(\mathbf{v}, \mathbf{w}) \mathbf{u}), +> \mathbf{R}(\bm{\omega}, \mathbf{u}, \mathbf{v}, \mathbf{w}) = \mathbf{k}(\bm{\omega}, \Omega(\mathbf{v}, \mathbf{w}) \mathbf{u}), > $$ > > for all $\bm{\omega} \in \Gamma(\mathrm{T}^*\mathrm{M})$ and $\mathbf{u}, \mathbf{v}, \mathbf{w} \in \Gamma(\mathrm{TM})$. diff --git a/docs/en/mathematics/differential-geometry/linear-connections.md b/docs/en/mathematics/differential-geometry/linear-connections.md index 87cac9e..4e990a4 100644 --- a/docs/en/mathematics/differential-geometry/linear-connections.md +++ b/docs/en/mathematics/differential-geometry/linear-connections.md @@ -16,6 +16,8 @@ Let $\mathrm{M}$ be a differential manifold with $\dim \mathrm{M} = n \in \mathb From property 3 it becomes clear that $\nabla_\mathbf{v}$ is an analogue of a directional derivative. The linear connection can also be defined in terms of the cotangent bundle and the dual fiber bundle. +Note that the first (trivial) element in the notion of the section $\Gamma$ is omitted, generally it should be $\Gamma(\mathrm{M}, \mathrm{TM})$ as the elements of this set are maps from $\mathrm{M}$ to $\mathrm{TM}$. + ## Covariant derivative > *Definition 2*: let $\mathbf{v} = v^i \mathbf{e}_i\in \Gamma(\mathscr{B})$ then the **covariant derivative** on $\mathbf{v}$ is defined as @@ -56,21 +58,88 @@ $$ Will be added later. -## Parallel transport +## Intrinsic derivative -> *Definition 3*: let $\mathbf{v} \in \Gamma(\mathrm{TM})$, then **parallel transport** of $\mathbf{v}$ occurs along the manifold $\mathrm{M}$ when +> *Definition 3*: let $\gamma: \mathscr{D}(\gamma) \to M: t \mapsto \gamma(t)$ be a smooth curve on the manifold parameterized by an open interval $\mathscr{D}(\gamma) \subset \mathbb{R}$ and let $\mathbf{v}: \mathscr{D}(\gamma) \to \mathrm{TM}: t \mapsto \mathbf{v}(t) = \mathbf{u} \circ \gamma(t)$ be a vector field defined along the curve with $\mathbf{u} \in \Gamma(\mathrm{TM})$, the **intrinsic derivative** of $\mathbf{v}$ is defined as > > $$ -> D_k \mathbf{v} = \mathbf{0}. +> D_t \mathbf{v}(t) = \nabla_{\dot\gamma} \mathbf{v}(t), > $$ +> +> for all $t \in \mathscr{D}(\gamma)$. -For example, a parameterised vector field $\mathbf{v}: x(t) \mapsto \mathbf{v}(x(t)) \in \Gamma(\mathrm{TM})$ is transported parallel if +By decomposition of $\dot \gamma = \dot \gamma^i \partial_i$ and $\mathbf{v} = v^i \partial_i$ and using the chain rule we obtain $$ - D_t \mathbf{v} = (\partial_k v^i) \dot x^k \partial_i + \Gamma^i_{jk} v^j \partial_i = \mathbf{0}, +\begin{align*} + \nabla_{\dot\gamma} \mathbf{v}(t) &= \dot \gamma^i \nabla_{\partial_i} (v^j \partial_j), \\ + &= \dot \gamma^i \big((\partial_i v^j) \partial_j + v^j \Gamma_{ji}^k \partial_k \big), \\ + &= (\dot \gamma^i \partial_i v^j + \dot \gamma^i \Gamma^j_{ki}v^k) \partial_j, \\ + &= (\dot v^j + \Gamma^j_{ki} v^k \dot \gamma^i) \partial_j, +\end{align*} $$ -so $(\partial_k v^i) \dot x^k + \Gamma^i_{jk} v^j = 0$ +for all $t \in \mathscr{D}(\gamma)$. This notion of the intrinsic derivative can of course be extended to any tensor. + +### Parallel transport + +> *Definition 4*: let $\gamma: \mathscr{D}(\gamma) \to M: t \mapsto \gamma(t)$ be a smooth curve on the manifold parameterized by an open interval $\mathscr{D}(\gamma) \subset \mathbb{R}$ and let $\mathbf{v}: \mathbb{R} \to \mathrm{TM}: t \mapsto \mathbf{v}(t) = \mathbf{u} \circ \gamma(t)$ be a vector field defined along the curve with $\mathbf{u} \in \mathrm{TM}$, then **parallel transport** of $\mathbf{v}$ along the curve is defined as +> +> $$ +> D_t \mathbf{v}(t) = \mathbf{0}, +> $$ +> +> for all $t \in \mathscr{D}(\gamma)$. + +Parallel transport implies the transport of a vector that is held constant along the path; constant direction and magnitude. It then follows that for $\dot \gamma = \dot \gamma^i \partial_i$ and $\mathbf{v} = v^i \partial_i$ parallel transport obtains + +$$ + D_t \mathbf{v}(t) = (\dot v^j + \Gamma^j_{ki} v^k \dot \gamma^i) \partial_j = \mathbf{0}, +$$ + +obtaining the equations + +$$ + \dot v^j + \Gamma^j_{ki} v^k \dot \gamma^i = 0, +$$ + +such that + +$$ + \dot v^j = - \Gamma^j_{ki} v^k \dot \gamma^i, +$$ + +for all $t \in \mathscr{D}(\gamma)$. These equations can be solved for $\gamma$, obtaining the curve under which $\mathbf{v}$ stays constant. + +If we let $\mathbf{v} = \dot \gamma^i \partial_i$ be the tangent vector along the curve then parallel transport of $\mathbf{v}$ preserves the tangent vector and we obtain the **geodesic equations** given by + +$$ + \dot v^j + \Gamma^j_{ki} v^k \dot \gamma^i = \ddot\gamma^j + \Gamma^j_{ki} \dot\gamma^k \dot\gamma^i = 0, +$$ + +for all $t \in \mathscr{D}(\gamma)$. + +One may interpret a geodesic as a generalization of the notion of a straight line or shortest path defined by $\gamma$. As follows from the following proposition. + +> *Proposition 2*: let $\gamma: \mathscr{D}(\gamma) \to M: t \mapsto \gamma(t)$ be a smooth curve on the manifold parameterized by an open interval $\mathscr{D}(\gamma) \subset \mathbb{R}$ and let $\mathscr{L}$ be the Lagrangian defined by +> +> $$ +> \mathscr{L} = \|\dot \gamma\|^2 = g_{ij} \dot \gamma^i \dot \gamma^j, +> $$ +> +> for all $t \in \mathscr{D}(\gamma)$. By demanding [Hamilton's principle]() we obtain the geodesic equations +> +> $$ +> \ddot\gamma^j + \Gamma^j_{ki} \dot\gamma^k \dot\gamma^i = 0, +> $$ +> +> for all $t \in \mathscr{D}(\gamma)$. + +??? note "*Proof*:" + + Will be added later. + +It may be observed that by demanding the stationary state of the length of the curve we obtain the geodesic equations. ## Contravariant derivative