diff --git a/config/en/mkdocs.yaml b/config/en/mkdocs.yaml index 16ea717..91d679c 100755 --- a/config/en/mkdocs.yaml +++ b/config/en/mkdocs.yaml @@ -71,6 +71,10 @@ nav: - 'Relations': mathematics/set-theory/relations.md - 'Maps': mathematics/set-theory/maps.md - 'Permutations': mathematics/set-theory/permutations.md + - 'Orders': mathematics/set-theory/orders.md + - 'Recursion and induction': mathematics/set-theory/recusrion-induction.md + - 'Cardinalities': mathematics/set-theory/cardinalities.md + - 'Additional axioms': mathematics/set-theory/additional-axioms.md - 'Calculus': - 'Limits': mathematics/calculus/limits.md - 'Continuity': mathematics/calculus/continuity.md diff --git a/docs/en/mathematics/set-theory/additional-axioms.md b/docs/en/mathematics/set-theory/additional-axioms.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d46aaa0 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/en/mathematics/set-theory/additional-axioms.md @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +# Additional axioms \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/docs/en/mathematics/set-theory/cardinalities.md b/docs/en/mathematics/set-theory/cardinalities.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1ca4aa2 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/en/mathematics/set-theory/cardinalities.md @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +# Cardinalities \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/docs/en/mathematics/set-theory/recursion-induction.md b/docs/en/mathematics/set-theory/recursion-induction.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fb84574 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/en/mathematics/set-theory/recursion-induction.md @@ -0,0 +1,63 @@ +# Recursion and induction + +## Recursion + +A recursively defined function $f$ needs two ingredients: + +* a *base*, where the function value $f(n)$ is defined, for some value of $n$. +* a *recursion*, in which the computation of the function in $n$ is explained with the help of the previous values smaller than $n$. + +For example, the sum + +$$ + \begin{align*}&\sum_{i=1}^1 i = 1,\\ &\sum_{i=1}^{n+1} i = (n + 1) + \sum_{i=1}^{n} i.\end{align*} +$$ + +Or the product + +$$ + \begin{align*}&\prod_{i=0}^0 i = 1,\\ &\prod_{i=0}^{n+1} i = (n+1) \cdot \prod_{i=0}^{n} i.\end{align*} +$$ + +## Induction + +> *Principle* **- Natural induction**: suppose $P(n)$ is a predicate for $n \in \mathbb{Z}$, let $b \in \mathbb{Z}$. If the following holds +> +> * $P(b)$ is true, +> * for all $k \in \mathbb{Z}$, $k \geq b$ we have that $P(k)$ implies $P(k+1)$. +> +> Then $P(n)$ is true for all $n \geq b$. + +For example, we claim that $\forall n \in \mathbb{N}$ we have + +$$ + \sum_{i=1}^n i = \frac{n}{2} (n+1). +$$ + +We first check the claim for $n=1$: + +$$ + \sum_{i=1}^1 i = \frac{1}{2} (1+1) = 1. +$$ + +Now suppose that for some $k \in \mathbb{N}$ + +$$ + \sum_{i=1}^k i = \frac{k}{2} (k+1). +$$ + +Then by assumption + +$$ +\begin{align*} + \sum_{i=1}^{k+1} i &= \sum_{i=1}^k i + (k+1), \\ + &= \frac{k}{2}(k+1) + (k+1), \\ + &= \frac{k+1}{2}(k+2). +\end{align*} +$$ + +Hence if the claim holds for some $k \in \mathbb{N}$ then it also holds for $k+1$. The principle of natural induction implies now that $\forall n \in \mathbb{N}$ we have + +$$ + \sum_{i=1}^n i = \frac{n}{2}(n+1). +$$ \ No newline at end of file