diff --git a/config/en/mkdocs.yaml b/config/en/mkdocs.yaml index 7824462..f8adfca 100755 --- a/config/en/mkdocs.yaml +++ b/config/en/mkdocs.yaml @@ -67,6 +67,7 @@ nav: - 'Sets': mathematics/set-theory/sets.md - 'Relations': mathematics/set-theory/relations.md - 'Maps': mathematics/set-theory/maps.md + - 'Permutations': mathematics/set-theory/permutations.md - 'Calculus': - 'Limits': mathematics/calculus/limits.md - 'Continuity': mathematics/calculus/continuity.md diff --git a/docs/en/mathematics/set-theory/permutations.md b/docs/en/mathematics/set-theory/permutations.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d50b8ff --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/en/mathematics/set-theory/permutations.md @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +# Permutations + +## Definition + +> *Definition*: let $X$ be a set. +> +> * A bijection of $X$ to itself is called a permutation of $X$. The set of all permutations of $X$ is denoted by $\text{Sym}(X)$ and is called the symmetric group on $X$. +> * The product $g \cdot h$ of two permutations $g,h$ in $\text{Sym}(X)$ is defined as the composition $g \circ h$ of $g$ and $h$. +> * If $X = \{1, \dots, n\}$ we write $\mathrm{Sym}_n(X)$ instead of $\mathrm{Sym}(X)$. + +
+ +> *Definition*: the identity map is defined as $\mathrm{id}: X \to X$ with $g = g \cdot \mathrm{id} = \mathrm{id} \cdot g$ for all $g$ in $\mathrm{Sym}(X)$. The inverse of $g$ denoted by $g^{-1}$ satisfies $g^{-1} \cdot g = g \cdot g^{-1} = \mathrm{id}$. + +In matrix notation: let $g = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 2 & 3 \\ 2 & 3 & 1\end{pmatrix}$ and $h = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 2 & 3 \\ 2 & 1 & 3\end{pmatrix}$ with $g,h \in \mathrm{Sym}_3(X)$, then we can take + +$$ + g \cdot h = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 2 & 3 \\ 2 & 3 & 1 \\ \hline 2 & 1 & 3 \\ 3 & 2 & 1\end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 2 & 3 \\ 3 & 2 & 1\end{pmatrix}, +$$ + +and we have $g^{-1} = \begin{pmatrix} 2 & 3 & 1 \\1 & 2 & 3 \end{pmatrix}$. + +
+ +> *Theorem*: $\mathrm{Sym}_n$ has exactly $n!$ elements. + +??? note "*Proof*:" + + A permutation can be described in a matrix notation by a $2$ by $n$ matrix with the numbers $1,\dots,n$ in the first row and the images in the second row. There are $n!$ possibilities to fill the second row. + +We can also omit the matrix notation and use the list notation for permutations then we have for $g = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 2 & 3 \\ 2 & 3 & 1\end{pmatrix} = [2,3,1]$, as the first row speaks for itself. + +
+ +> *Definition*: the order of a permutation $g$ is the smallest positive integer $m$ such that $g^m = \mathrm{id}$. + +For example the order of the permutation $[2,1,3]$ in $\mathrm{Sym}_3$ is 2. + +If $g$ is a permutation in $\mathrm{Sym}_n$ then the permutations $g, g^2, g^3, \dots$ can not all be distinct, since there are only $n!$ distinct permutations in $\mathrm{Sym}_n$. So there must exists a $r < s$ such that $g^r = g^s$. Since $g$ is a bijection there must be $g^{s-r} = e$. So there exist positive numbers $m$ with $g^m = e$ and in particular a smallest such number. Therefore each permutation $g$ has a well-defined order. \ No newline at end of file