diff --git a/docs/en/physics/mathematical-physics/vector-analysis/curvilinear-coordinates.md b/docs/en/physics/mathematical-physics/vector-analysis/curvilinear-coordinates.md index 2cb55b7..910f2d4 100644 --- a/docs/en/physics/mathematical-physics/vector-analysis/curvilinear-coordinates.md +++ b/docs/en/physics/mathematical-physics/vector-analysis/curvilinear-coordinates.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ In this section curvilinear coordinate systems will be presented, these are coor ## Covariant basis -> *Definition*: consider a coordinate system $(x_1, x_2, x_3)$ that is defined by the function $\mathbf{x}: \mathbb{R}^3 \to \mathbb{R}^3$. Producing a position vector for every combination of coordinate values. +> *Definition*: consider a coordinate system $(x_1, x_2, x_3)$ that is mapped by $\mathbf{x}: \mathbb{R}^3 \to \mathbb{R}^3$ with respect to a reference coordinate system. Producing a position vector for every combination of coordinate values. > > * For two coordinates fixed, a coordinate curve is obtained. > * For one coordinate fixed, a coordinate surface is obtained. @@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ We will now use this coordinate system described as $\mathbf{x}$ to formulate a > > for all $(x_1, x_2, x_3) \in \mathbb{R}^3$ and $i \in \{1, 2, 3\}$. -Obtaining basis vectors that are tangential to the corresponding coordinate curves. Therefore any vector $\mathbf{u} \in \mathbb{3}$ can be written in terms of its components with respect to this basis +Obtaining basis vectors that are tangential to the corresponding coordinate curves. Therefore any vector $\mathbf{u} \in \mathbb{R}^3$ can be written in terms of its components with respect to this basis $$ \mathbf{u} = \sum_{i=1}^3 u_i \mathbf{a}_i @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ with $h_i = \sqrt{\langle \mathbf{a}_i, \mathbf{a}_i \rangle} = \|\mathbf{a}_i\| The covariant basis vectors have been constructed as tangential vectors of the coordinate curves. An alternative basis can be constructed from vectors that are perpendicular to coordinate surfaces. -> *Definition*: for a valid set of covariant basis vectors the contravariant basis vectors may be defined given by +> *Definition*: for a valid set of covariant basis vectors the contravariant basis vectors may be defined, given by > > $$ > \begin{align*} @@ -117,22 +117,23 @@ From this definition it follows that $\langle \mathbf{a}^i, \mathbf{a}_j \rangle > \delta_{ij} = \begin{cases} 1 &\text{ if } i = j, \\ 0 &\text{ if } i \neq j.\end{cases} > $$ -Also a metric tensor for contravariant basis vectors can be defined with it the relations between covariant and contravariant quantities can be found. +A metric tensor for contravariant basis vectors may be defined. With which the relations between covariant and contravariant quantities can be found. > *Definition*: the components of the metric tensor for contravariant basis vectors are defined as > > $$ > g^{ij} := \langle \mathbf{a}^i, \mathbf{a}^j \rangle, > $$ +> > therefore the metric tensor for contravariant basis vectors is given by > > $$ > (g^{ij}) = \begin{pmatrix} \langle \mathbf{a}^1, \mathbf{a}^1 \rangle & \langle \mathbf{a}^1, \mathbf{a}^2 \rangle & \langle \mathbf{a}^1, \mathbf{a}^3 \rangle \\ \langle \mathbf{a}^2, \mathbf{a}^1 \rangle & \langle \mathbf{a}^2, \mathbf{a}^2 \rangle & \langle \mathbf{a}^2, \mathbf{a}^3 \rangle \\ \langle \mathbf{a}^3, \mathbf{a}^1 \rangle & \langle \mathbf{a}^3, \mathbf{a}^2 \rangle & \langle \mathbf{a}^3, \mathbf{a}^3 \rangle \end{pmatrix}. > $$ -
+These relations are stated in the proposition below. -> *Lemma*: considering the two ways of representing the vector $\mathbf{u} \in \mathbb{R}^3$ given by +> *Proposition*: considering the two ways of representing the vector $\mathbf{u} \in \mathbb{R}^3$ given by > > $$ > \mathbf{u} = u^i \mathbf{a}_i = u_i \mathbf{a}^i. @@ -244,7 +245,7 @@ $$ \|\mathbf{u}\| = \sqrt{u^{(i)} u_{(i)}}. $$ -We will discuss as an example the representations of the cartesian, cylindrical and spherical coordinate systems viewed from a cartesian perspective. This means that the coordinate maps are based on the cartesian interpretation of then. Every other interpretation could have been used, but our brains have a preference for cartesian it seems. +We will discuss as an example the representations of the cartesian, cylindrical and spherical coordinate systems viewed from a cartesian perspective. This means that the coordinate maps are based on the cartesian interpretation of then. Every other interpretation could have been used, but our brains have a preference for cartesian it seems.z Let $\mathbf{x}: \mathbb{R}^3 \to \mathbb{R}^3$ map a cartesian coordinate system given by